Useful for Pathology residents preparing for, NEET-SS/ DM- Oncopathology/ DM Histopathogy, Nephropathology Fellowships, FRCPath- Histopathology, American Board of anatomic and clinical pathology.
Tag: Mcqs for NEET-SS Oncopathology
Renal pathology quiz
Renal pathology quiz on 18/06/21
Useful for Pathology residents preparing for, NEET-SS/ DM- Oncopathology/ DM Histopathogy, Nephropathology Fellowships, FRCPath- Histopathology, American Board of anatomic and clinical pathology.
QUIZ will be live on 18/6/20
Meanwhile you may solve the quizzes below.
Difference between PSTT ( Placental site trophoblastic tumor) and Choriocarcinoma- Vascular invasion
Tips to study for NEET-SS Oncopathology
NEET-SS Oncopathology is an entrance examination conducted once every year in AUGUST -SEPTEMBER
Anyone aspiring to become an Oncopathologist in India is supposed to clear the exam after completion of the primary degree(MD/DNB).
Every year thousands of aspirants attempt the examination. However, there are merely 13 seats for the said course. The competition is high, ever increasing for NEET-SS Oncopathology.
“Proper planning and the right resources will definitely get you through”
Here is a step wise approach to study for NEET-SS Oncopathology.
- Read Robbins pathologic basis of disease thoroughly- cover to cover.
- Read histotechniques, grossing and staining and revise them from your MD notes
- Here are a few very important topics to cover. Choose either Rosai Ackerman or Sternberg to cover these topics based on your comfort. *Gastrointestinal pathology. *Male and female genital. *Salivary gland *Breast and *Thyroid.
- WHO updates and recent classifications as well as TNM staging.
- Revise and you are good to go.
“So many things are possible, just as long as you don’t know they are impossible.”
–Norton Juster
You may join this telegram channel for daily topic wise Mcqs for DM oncopathology- Pathology mcqs
For weekly multiple choice questions based on the pattern of NEET-SS oncopathology. You my check this site- HOME – Pathology for all
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Hope you found this useful.
VITAL, SUPRAVITAL AND INTRAVITAL STAINING
Vital, supravital and intravital staining are three different types of staining techniques. However, vital and supravital terms are often used interchangeably.
Let’s look at some of the major differences in staining between the three and why these terms shouldn’t be used interchangeably.
1. VITAL STAINING
1.Contrary to the name, vital stains are taken up by dead cells and not by living cells.
2. Demonstration of nuclear staining using a vital stain signifies cells death, because living cells are impermeable to the stain.
3. Example: Tryptan blue and propiodine iodine
VITAL STAINS ATE TOO BULKY OR TOO CHARGED THEY CANNOT ENTER LIVE CELLS- Hence only stain dead cells.
2. SUPRAVITAL STAINS
1. Supravital staining is a method of staining used in microscopy to examine living cells that have been removed from an organism.
2. Those that enter and stain living cells are called supravital stains
3. Examples New Methylene Blue and Brilliant Cresyl Blue for reticulocyte staining.
3. INTRAVITAL STAIN
1. Intravital staining of living cells is done by injecting the dye into any part of the animal body (either intravenous, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous), producing specific coloration of certain cells, particularly those of the reticulo-endothelial system.
2. Common dyes used are lithium, carmine and India ink.
There you go!! Hope the confusion is cleared.
For multiple choice questions on staining
Check below for a quick summary.
Some gastrointestinal pathogens and their differentiating features.
Gastrointestinal pathogens are very common in routine practice. It takes experience and keen observation to differentiate gastrointestinal pathogens from one another. In case of confusion, go with your ‘GUT’ feeling.
Lets look at a few differentiating features of Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum and Isospora belli.
- GIARDIA LAMBLIA:
Pear shaped trophozoites with 2 ovoid nuclei, present in the luminal surface. They are 10-15 microns in length and 5-9 microns in width.
GIARDIA IS SEEN IN THE LUMINAL SURFACE
CRYPTOSPORIDIUM IS SEEN ATTACHED TO ENTEROCYTES LIKE SMALL BEADS.
2. CRYPTOSOPORIDIUM PARVUM
In tissue biopsies, 2 – 5 μm basophilic round bodies are seen protruding from the apex of enterocytes (“blue beads”) within the cell membrane. Parasites bulge out of apex of epithelial cells
ISOSPORA IS LARGEST AMONG THE THREE. IN CONTRAST TO GIARDIA AND CRYPTOSPORIDIUM – ISOSPORA DOES NOT HAVE AN APICAL LOCATION, INSTEAD LOCATED IN THE TIP OF VILLI.
3. ISOSPORA BELLI
Oocysts are generally ovoid to ellipsoid in shape, range from 10-40µm in length by 10-30µm in width. Cysts are present in PARASITO-
PHOROUS VACUOLE. Does not have an apical location.
Look below for a quick summary
![High frequency of TRK fusion [ETV6-NTRK3 - t(12;15) ] is seen in a few tumors. Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma, Secretory carcinoma of breast, Cellular and mixed mesoblastic nephroma and infantile fibrosarcoma. #molecularpathology #translocation #softtissuepathology #pediatricrenalneoplasms #breastcancer](https://pathologymcq.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Screenshot_2021-05-24-23-23-03-153_com.instagram.android.jpg)
Tumors showing TRK (tropomyosin receptor kinase) gene fusion
Recent molecular studies have revealed that, several tumors harbor TRK fusion. However fusion frequencies vary.
Several NTRK1/2/3 (neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase) fusions have been reported. It is important to identify them since they serve as potential targets for therapy
The NTRK1, 2, and 3 genes encode a family of tyrosine kinase receptors with an active role
in neural development.
They are encoded by three different NTRK genes:
1. NTRK1 located on chromosome 1q21-q22 – corresponding receptor TrkA binds to NGF (nerve growth factor)
2. NTRK2 on chromosome 9q22.1- corresponding receptor TrkB binds to BDNF (brain derived natriuretic factor)
3. NTRK3 on chromosome 15q25- corresponding receptor TrkC.
NTRK oncogenic fusions can be encountered in two main different scenarios:
- Consists of rare tumors in which NTRK fusions are found at very high frequencies, as dominant oncogenes.
- Comprises common tumors in which NTRK fusions are identified at low frequencies, including both solid and hematological malignancies.
Here are a few tumors with high frequency TRK gene fusion – [ETV6-NTRK3 fusion] – t(12;15)
1.Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC)- >75%- Some MASC harbour ETV6- RET fusion -t(10;12)- They have poor outcome since they are non-responsive to TRK fusion therapy.
2.Secretory carcinoma of breast- >75%
3. Cellular and mixed mesoblastic nephroma (>75%)
4. Infantile fibrosarcoma. >75%
Other tumors with NTRK fusion partners is shown below.
type where they are most frequent. Reference: doi:10.3390/ijms21100000
Reference: Federica Zito Marino et.al. NTRK Fusions, from the Diagnostic Algorithm to Innovative Treatment in the Era of Precision Medicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 0.
Click below for summary and a mnemonic.
6 KEY POINTS FOR BOARDS – MICROPAPILLARY BREAST CARCINOMA
Micropapillary breast carcinoma is a rare variant.
Micropapillary carcinoma of breast has a few unique clinical, microscopic and immunological features which aid in their differentiation from other subtypes of breast carcinoma.
Let’s look at them!!
1. Tufts of cells arranged in pseudopapillae ( lack fibrovascular cores). These pseudopapillae are surrounded by empty clear spaces formed by fibrocollagenous stroma.
2. Aggressive tumor usually present with angiolymphatic invasion. They present with nodal invasion at the time of presentation.
3. Molecular and cytogenetics: BC-1514 (C21orf118) is commonly upregulated in the micropapillary area.
4. ER positive in 90% and PR positive in 50%
5. Micropapillary breast carcinomas show
‘INSIDE OUT’ staining pattern with EMA and CD15s.
INSIDE OUT staining pattern refers to – staining localized to the apical surface of tumor cells abutting the stroma but absent staining in the basolateral region.
6. Another characteristic of micropapillary breast carcinoma is Incomplete basolateral or CUP SHAPED staining with apical sparing seen with E- cadherin, Her-2-neu and p-120.
Below is a picture which will help you remember all characteristics of micropapillary breast carcinoma.