Category: Neuropathology

Posted in Histopathology, Neuropathology, pathology

CENTRAL CHROMATOLYSIS

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Central chromatolysis is a condition seen in neurons with axonal reaction.

Lets look at the details now.

  1. Axonal reaction is a change observed in the cell body during regeneration of the axon; it is best seen in anterior horn cells of the spinal cord when motor axons are cut or seriously damaged.
  2. The increase in protein synthesis that occurs in response to the injury is reflected in enlargement and rounding up of the cell body, peripheral displacement of the nucleus, enlargement of the nucleolus, and dispersion of Nissl substance from the center to the periphery of the cell (central chromatolysis).

Below is a pictorial difference between normal neurons and neurons with axonal reaction.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Axonal reaction is visible in which of the which of the following regions of the central nervous system?

A. Posterior horn cells of the spinal cord

B. Anterior horn cells of the spinal cord

C. Cerebral cortex

D. Cerebellum

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Answer is B: Axonal reaction is a change observed in the cell body during regeneration of the axon; it is best seen in anterior horn cells of the spinal cord when motor axons are cut or seriously damaged

2. Dispersion of nissil substance to the periphery of a neuron is characteristic of which of the following?

A. Axonal reaction

B. Wallerian degeneration

C. Neuronal degeneration

D. Red neurons.

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Answer is A:

The process described in the question is central chromatolysis and is associated with axonal reaction.

Posted in Histopathology, Neuropathology, WEEKLY QUIZZES

Central nervous system (CNS) tumors pathology mcq pdf with answers

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CNS pathology questions with answers- DOWNLOAD PDF

Central nervous system tumors pathology mcq pdf with answers – Useful for NEET-SS Oncopathology, DM Histopathology, NIMHANS- Neuropathology fellowships and FRCPath-Histopathology.

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5 ways to differentiate pick body and lewy body
Posted in Histopathology, Neuropathology

5 ways to differentiate Lewy body and Pick body in a brain biopsy or during autopsy

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Degenerative brain diseases are seldom biopsied. They are diagnosed predominantly during autopsies. Lewy body and Pick body are particularly difficult to distinguish.

Lewy bodies:  They are seen in Parkinson’s disease as well as dementia with lewy bodies. Cortical lewy bodies are characteristic of dementia with lewy bodies whereas lewy bodies in the basal ganglia are seen in Parkinson’s disease.

Pick bodies:  They are seen fronto-temporal dementia.  As the name suggests,  they can be seen in frontal and temporal areas.

Here are 5 ways to differentiate lewy body and pick body based on light microscopy,  immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy.

1. STAINING

Pick bodies are slightly more basophilic compared to Lewy body.

PICK BODY – WITH SLIGHTLY BASOPHILIC APPEARANCE
LEWY BODY WITH EOSINOPHILIC APPEARANCE

2. PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF A CENTRAL DOT

Lewy body has an eosinophilic central dot, as in the above picture which pick body lacks.

3. PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF A PERIPHERAL HALO

Lewy body has a peripheral halo wheras Pick body doesn’t

PERIPHERAL HALO IN LEWY BODY

4. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINS

Lewy body stains positive with anti-alpha synuclein antibodies. Pick body stains positive with anti-tau antibodies.

5. ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

On electron microscopy Lewy body is composed of fuzzy deposits on filaments that radiated from a central core. Pick body is composed of random filaments of smooth contour.

Electron microscopy findings of Lewy body
Electron microscopic findings of Pick body

That’s all the ways to differentiate PICK BODY AND LEWY BODY

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Posted in Histopathology, Neuropathology

5 ways to differentiate gliosis and glioma.

Posted on by pathologymcqs
  • 5 ways to differentiate Gliosis and Glioma

Gliosis is often confusing and challenging to differentiate from glioma. Adding to the trouble, is the fact that gliomas often accompany gliosis. Therefore it is essential to differentiate gliosis and gliomas.

5 ways to differentiate gliosis and glioma

Gliosis is also seen in demyelinaying diseases and infections

Ideally ‘gliosis with glioma’ and ‘gliosis without glioma’ shoud be differentiated, but to keep things simple let’s look at a few clues to tell the two apart.

GLIOMAS Vs GLIOSIS

1. MITOSIS

Mitosis naturally is characteristic of multiplying cells. Hence mitosis is lower in gliosis when compared to glioma. As a general rule the Ki67 proliferation index does not exceed > 5% in gliosis.

This isn’t entirely useful, because low grade gliomas do not show mitosis. Ki-67 stains may be useful to quantify mitosis by immunohistochemistry.

2. MARGINS

This is probably the most important differentiating fearure.

GLIOMAS- EXPAND

GLIOSIS- CONTRACTS

However important this finding is, it is difficult to confirm without serial radiographs.

3. CELLULAR DENSITY

Gliosis- cellular density is even

Glioma- cellular density is uneven

4. NUCLEUS

Gliosis- nuclei of cells don’t touch each other.

Glioma- nuclei of cells often touch each other.

5. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL MARKERS

Gliosis- negative for markers such as IDH and p53.

Glioma- positive for markers such as IDH and p53.

IDH and p53 are not positive in many gliomas but, when they are positive they can be diagnostic.

In this context it would be fitting to discuss quickly about a condition which often mimicks brain tumor- GLIOMATOSIS CEREBRI

Gliomatosis cerebri is a rare primary brain tumor. It is commonly characterized by diffuse infiltration of the brain with neoplastic glial cells that affect various areas of the cerebral lobes. Gliomatosis cerebri behaves like a malignant tumor that is very similar to Glioblastoma.

Though it is not an easy task to differentiate gliomas and gliomas, hope these tips would be of some use.

Thank you!

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